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A literature review on the relationship between SDOH (specifically use of social needs data and hospital 30-day readmission.
Supervisor- Hanadi Y Hamadi,
Department of Health Administration
Brooks College of Health, USA
Absract: The field of social determinants of health (SDOH) study has quickly acquired momentum in the last few years. According to the SDOH, "a wide range of health, functioning, and quality-of-life outcomes and risks are affected by the conditions in the environments where people are born, live, learn, work, play, worship, and age." These circumstances are frequently divided into the following domains: social and community context, built environment, neighborhood and quality of education, health care access and quality, and economic stability. Each of these categories includes a variety of variables, such as discrimination, air pollution, and employment possibilities, all of which have a significant and ongoing influence on an individual & performance and long-term health. According to the Healthy People 2030 Framework, nine SDOH—race, education, income, social network, social isolation, residential poverty, Health Professional Shortage Area (HPSA), rural residency, and state public health infrastructure—were evaluated in this study. The 30-day all-cause readmission rate was the main result. We computed the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios of readmission and the incidence per 1000 person years for each SDOH. 690 participants were included in the analysis; the median age at hospitalization was 76 years (IQR 71–82), and the participants & demographics included 44.3% women, 35.5% Black people, 23.5% low educational attainment, 63.0% low income, 21.0% poverty at the zip code level, 43.5% living in HPSAs, 39.3% living in states with inadequate public health infrastructure, 13.1% socially isolated, 13.3% having poor social networks, and 10.2% living in rural areas. It was 22.4% for 30-day readmissions. As per the fully-adjusted study, there was no individual association found between any of the 9 SDOH and 30-day readmission, while only HPSA was substantially linked to 30-day readmission in the unadjusted analysis. Despite being common, none of the SDOH were linked to readmissions within 30 days following HF hospitalization. It's possible that readmission among older persons cannot be prevented by policies or initiatives that solely focus on a single SDOH in an effort to lower readmissions following HF hospitalizations.
Conclusion: In this study it was observed that, except for living in an HPSA, which decreased after adjusting for clinical, hospital, and HF hospitalization characteristics, there was no increased risk of 30- day re-admission among individuals with SDOH, despite the high prevalence of SDOH in this national cohort of Medicare beneficiaries hospitalized for HF. According to our research, readmission risk among older persons with HF may be influenced by a number of variables in addition to SDOH, despite the latter being more frequent and significant. Furthermore, to improve post-discharge outcomes for older Medicare members, policies or interventions that just target specific SDOH may not be adequate to minimize readmissions following HF hospitalizations.
Review on Advancement in Neurological Treatments: A look at Emerging Therapies for Neurodegenerative Diseases
Supervisor- Dr. Sharifa Sultana
SUB, Bangladesh
Academic project
Absract: The hallmarks of neurodegenerative illnesses include the gradual loss of neurons and complex intercellular connections in the afflicted areas. Effective therapy development depends on the identification of trustworthy biomarkers that can precisely represent disease activity, diagnose neurodegenerative illnesses, and track the disease's course. The diverse range of these disorders, which impact distinct neuronal subsets in disparate brain areas, has complicated the task of finding appropriate biomarkers. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) implantation is a potentially effective strategy for fostering brain regeneration and recuperation. Because of the release of their extracellular vehicles (EVs), MSCs have shown promise in immune system modulation, neurite outgrowth promotion, angiogenesis stimulation, and tissue healing. The capacity of MSC-derived EVs to control neurite outgrowth, encourage angiogenesis, and aid in tissue repair is one of the therapeutic traits that these cells share with their parent MSCs. The purpose of this study is to examine the potential of MSC-derived EVs as a new therapeutic approach for neurodegenerative illnesses, emphasizing how they might influence the course of the illness and aid in the regeneration of neurons. We may improve our knowledge and take use of MSC- derived EVs'; potential to create new treatment modalities for neurodegenerative illnesses byclarifying the processes via which they work as therapeutic agents.
Conclusion: As the prevalence of the aforementioned neurological diseases increases, so too does the research now develop new therapeutic regimens. In the recent past, targeted delivery of nanoparticles, monoclonal antibody-based treatment and stem cell-based therapy to the brain has gained significant attention, as evidenced with the published data. After thorough investigation, nanotechnological administration has been found to be the most reliable mode of drug administration, given that the challenges of drug delivery to the brain are unmet by conventional therapeutics. Therefore, research into stem cell-based treatment, Immunotherapy and targeted nanoparticle delivery represents a significant area of interest for addressing future research questions.
Genetic association of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Supervisor- Nusrat Islam Chaity
SUB, Bangladesh
Academic project
Absract: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a clinically heterogeneous condition with a complex etiology in which environmental and genetic factors are implicated. The contribution of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes, particularly the HLA-DRB1 gene, to RA genetic predisposition was the first described, and remains as the best characterized single genetic risk factor contributing to RA. However, it has been estimated that only 30% of the genetic contribution to RA can be attributed to HLA genes and it is suggested that other non-HLA genes may play a relevant role in RA susceptibility. Linkage studies and association studies are the two main strategies used in the investigation of genetic factors contributing to complex genetic traits. In this work we review the progress made in the field of RA genetics, focusing mainly on the contribution of candidate gene association studies to the dissection of RA genetic risk factors.
Conclusion: Multiple genetic polymorphisms contribute to predisposition to rheumatoid arthritis, and this is best investigated in seropositive disease. More detailed studies of seronegative rheumatoid arthritis are pending. As for many autoimmune diseases, the effect size for risk of seropositive rheumatoid arthritis is dominated by several HLA-DRB1 alleles. Although there are a few success stories with regard to translation of genetic studies of rheumatoid arthritis into the biological functions, most of the associations remain to be better interpreted and tested in the future. The major challenge will be the integration of genetic association studies with epigenetics, transcriptomics, and proteomics to produce an understanding that will enable personalized medical help and, ultimately, prevention of severely incapacitating chronic rheumatoid arthritis.The first genetic risk factor for RA was identified in 1978. After the discovery of this association between HLA and RA, it took 25 years until PADI4, the second genetic risk factor for RA, was identified. On the basis of new techniques, the discovery of new genes associated with a high risk of developing RA improved. Since 2004, more than 20 genes have been found to be implicated, mainly with ACPA-positive disease. The identification of disease-associated genes could provide valuable insight into the genetic variations prior to disease onset in order to identify the pathways important for RA pathogenesis. Future challenges will be, among others, the translation of genetic associations into biological pathways that are responsible for RA, as this knowledge may prove to be exceedingly useful for the invention of curative therapies for RA.To conclude, the most relevant is the need of extensive genetic studies performed simultaneously on RA and on the other conditions that showed a familial association with RA. Also, the identification of common susceptibility loci and thus of reliable familial risks would guide into the post-genomic era providing the real likelihood of the genetic effect on autoimmune diseases.
Literature Review on Therapeutic application of stem cells in cancer and neurodegenerative disorders: A novel compression and future direction.
Literature Review on Therapeutic application of stem cells in cancer and neurodegenerative disorders: A novel compression and future direction.
Supervisor- Dr. Md. Taleb Hossain
NUB, Bangladesh
Academic project
Abstract:Conventional, surgical or chemoradiotherapeutic methods typically cannot eliminate metastatic cancer cells, and after therapy, disease recurrence is quite frequent as well as the duration and quality of life can be drastically reduced by neurological illnesses. Conversely, stem cell-based treatments are becoming more and more promising for the treatment of neurological disorders and cancer. Stem cell (Mesenchymal Stem cells, Neural Stem cells etc.) associated preclinical trial proved that it has the ability to reduce the volume of tumor with less side effects and increase the survival rate of cancer patient. Strategic modification of stem cell such as Enzyme /Prodrug therapy, Immunotherapy, Viral Therapy, Nanoparticles carrier etc. are used for the treatment of Glioma, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Melanoma, Lymphoma etc. In case of Neurodegenerative diseases, in addition to their capacity for regeneration, stem cells also serve a number of other purposes, such as increasing angiogenesis and decreasing inflammation, making them a potentially useful remedy. According to clinical trials, distinct stem cells are used to treat brain cancers (11%) and multiple sclerosis (12%), stroke (13%), peripheral nerve injury (14%), and brain damage (spinal cord and brain). The use of stem cells to treat cancer cells does seem technically possible, however problems with viral infections, Drug Toxicity and carcinogenesis require more research to enhance therapeutic efficacy and applicability. This review outlines the benefits, drawbacks, and prospects associated with stem cell-based cancer & neurological disorders treatments, with an emphasis on current advancements. It may also aid in the improvement of future trials and the smooth transition from preclinical to clinical research.
Conclusion: Stem cell research has aided in the development of innovative therapeutics for cancer and neurological illnesses. According to the research, the mortality and morbidity rates of these illnesses are growing on a daily basis. The death rates for lung, colon, liver, stomach, and breast cancers are far too high; nevertheless, morbidity and mortality rates for neurological illnesses such as stroke, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease are far more common in patients than other neurodegenerative diseases. According to several research, conventional treatment cannot lower the burden of cancer and nerve-related disorders. However, this analysis reveals the enormous benefits of stem cell treatment for cancer and neurological illnesses. Enzyme/prodrug therapy, immunotherapy, viral therapy, nanoparticle carriers, and other strategies for stem cell modification are utilized to treat glioma, hepatocellular carcinoma, melanoma, and lymphoma. Lung, ovarian, and brain malignancies respond well to TRAIL-expressing MSCs, INF-B-expressing MSCs, and CD-expressing NSCs. Human fetal-derived NSC, human ESC and fetal-derived NSC, and BM-MSCs—bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells—have been shown to be effective in treating Parkinson's disease and brain damage. Aside from the positive effects, stem cell-based therapy is connected with various risks (tumorgenesis, viral infection, drug resistance, and toxicity, among others) as well as complexity and problems. However, stem-cell technology has tremendous future promise, and researchers are working hard to overcome the obstacles and conduct more research needed to advance this technology.
Exploring the anticancer activity of plant derived compounds in prevention and treatment of Gastro-Intestinal Cancer: An update and future outlook.
Exploring the anticancer activity of plant derived compounds in prevention and treatment of Gastro-Intestinal Cancer: An update and future outlook.
Supervisor- Dr. Md. Taleb Hossain
NUB, Bangladesh
Review Paper
Abstract:Gastrointestinal cancer (GIC), which largely includes colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, and esophageal cancer, is one of the most prevalent causes of cancer-related fatalities, with a growing frequency and a dismal prognosis. Medicinal plants have been proved to be a valuable resource in the treatment of GIC. Because of their complex manifestations of multi-component and multi-target, the fundamental mechanisms by which they work against GIC remain unknown. Cell metabolism is critical in the start and development of GIC, which has been identified as a potential target. Metabolomics, as an important complement to the contemporary "omics" sciences, concentrates on the systematic study of tiny exogenous and endogenous metabolites engaged in large biochemical metabolic pathways of living systems. In line with the systemic approach of medicinal plants, metabolomics provides fresh insights into the successful evaluation and action mechanism analysis of medicinal plants as adjuvant therapies for GIC treatment. In this overview, the most recent metabolomics studies on metabolism-targeting therapies for GIC were systematically reviewed from five perspectives: carbohydrate, lipid, amino acid, and nucleotide metabolisms, as well as other altered metabolisms (microbial metabolism, inflammation, and oxidation), with special emphasis on the potential of active compounds, extracts, and formulae from medicinal plants. Meanwhile, the present state and potential problems of metabolism-targeting medicinal plant therapy for GIC were explored. Finally, studying the metabolomics of medicinal plant action mechanisms in GIC would be beneficial to the clinical implementation of promising candidates from resourceful medicinal plants as innovative and efficient adjuvant treatments for GIC therapy.
Conclusion: Natural compounds originating from plants have a great anticancer potential. The primary advantages of anticancer natural compounds are their low toxicity, low cost, and variety of modes of action. However, these medicines' poor bioavailability, solubility, and stability restricted their utility. Pharmaceutical modification of anticancer natural materials employed promising technology, and the resulting formulations demonstrated increased anticancer activity. Many natural compounds derived from plants, on the other hand, shown great activity in vitro and in vivo. Since plant-derived bioactive chemicals have been employed as natural therapies for many diseases and cancer, far stricter oversight and regulation should be implemented for the good of mankind. Polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, caffeic acid, saponins, polysaccharides, glycosides, triterpenoids, and glycosides are among the plant bioactive substances with anti-carcinogenic characteristics. In Gastro-Intestinal Cancer (GIC), medicinal plants are a gold mine for novel drug discovery and development. However, because medicinal plants have their own specific theoretical system with multi-component and multi-target manifestation, the fundamental processes by which they function against GIC have yet to be thoroughly unraveled. Metabolomics might give a fresh insight into the research of the underlying processes of medicinal plants for GIC treatment, which is consistent with the holistic approach and whole notion of medicinal plants. Metabolomics has focused on prospective treatments for GIC based on active compounds, extracts, and formulae derived from medicinal plants that target cancer metabolism. Despite significant progress, significant obstacles remain in the metabolomics analysis of medicinal plants for GIC treatment. One of the most difficult issues is the variability in the relative abundance of the same metabolites across various studies. Unfortunately, clinical studies for several promising anticancer natural compounds are limited. To provide additional cancer therapy options, the development of therapeutic modalities based on natural components and synthetic analogs should be expanded.
Monkeypox pathogenesis, transmission and current progression on the development of vaccines: a comprehensive review
Supervisor- Dr. Md. Harun Ar Rashid
NUB, Bangladesh
Review Paper
Abstract
Abstract
Asthma is the most common respiratory disease in Canada. Despite significant improvements in the diagnosis and treatment of this condition, the majority of Canadians with asthma remain poorly controlled. However, control can be achieved in most patients with preventive measures and appropriate pharmacological interventions. Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are the standard of care for most patients. Combination inhalers of ICS and long-acting beta 2 agonists are preferred for most adults uncontrolled on ICS therapy. Biologic therapies that target immunoglobulin E or interleukin-5 are a new addition to the asthma management arsenal and may help some cases of difficult to control asthma. Allergen-specific immunotherapy is a potential disease-modifying therapy for many patients with asthma, but should only be prescribed by physicians with appropriate allergy training. In addition to preventative measures and pharmacotherapy, essential components of asthma management include: develop a written asthma action plan; assess treatment barriers and adherence to treatment; and check inhaler device technique. This article provides an overview of current literature and guidelines for the proper diagnosis and management of asthma in adults and children .
Conclusion: Plants are natural antioxidants and anti-diabetic compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, phenols and alkaloids that improve pancreatic tissue performance by increasing insulin secretion and decreasing intestinal glucose absorption. Current evidence indicates that these herbal medicines have potent therapeutic properties and can alleviate morbidity associated with cardiovascular disease. However, a clear clinical therapeutic effect has not yet been ensured. Therefore, these herbal remedies cannot be safely recommended as alternative treatments. Indeed, the safety and toxicity of some of these plants have recently raised potential concerns (e.g. ginkgo). We conclude that better designed studies and future clinical trials with larger sample sizes are needed to investigate the role of various medicinal plants. All the plants examined showed strong activity, confirming their various traditional uses and their ability to treat common ailments. , should be subjected to further research by examining its mechanism of action.
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Usage of mangrove plant extracts for healing skin diseases
Supervisor- Mohammad Asadujjaman
NUB, Bangladesh
Review Paper
Abstract
Abstract
Mangrove plants are specialist timbered plants that grow in swamps in tropical and subtropical regions of the world's stream deltas and tidal coastal zones. The coastal inhabitants have long used them for traditional and medical uses. Many mangrove plants naturally grow and are specifically harvested for use in local pharmaceutical factories. Many mangrove genera produce pricey medicines with a significant export potential. It is possible to date the use of plants and plant derivatives as medicines to the dawn of human civilization. Mangrove plants have been utilized in traditional treatments, and extracts from many mangrove species have demonstrated inhibitory efficacy against diseases that affect people, animals, and plants. In this study 10 mangrove plants were found which show different pharmacological action and among them 5-6 mangrove plant extracts showed effect for different skin diseases. Bruguiera cylindrica leaf extracts and Rhizophora mucronata bark extracts have antiviral activity against the hepatitis B, vaccinia, and newcastle disease viruses. Mangrove residents frequently use the trees for making traditional medicines, such as A. illicifolius is used to treat wounds, boils, and skin conditions. Many medications made from mangroves, such as ashes or bark infusions, can be used to treat skin conditions including Lumnitzera racemosa and ulcers, as well as leprosy. In this study 10 mangrove plants were found which show different pharmacological action and amonfg them 5-6 mangrove plant extracts showed effect for different skin diseases.The current review discusses the therapeutic, traditional, and bioactive chemicals that mangrove medicinal plants produce as well as their pharmacological action.
Conclusion: Mangrove habitats offer a unique and pricey range of resources, services, and to some extent, products, but they have traditionally been a resource that is underappreciated. The mangrove forests and maritime ecosystems around the Indian coastline are still mostly unexplored in terms of pharmacology. Bioprospecting for marine natural products has produced a significant amount of medicine recently. Endophtyic microorganisms are increasingly recognized as a fresh and underutilized source of bioactive substances. This research demonstrates that numerous endophytes, primarily fungus, found in the various mangrove forests across the world have established themselves as reliable sources of contemporary bioactive compounds. Only a small number of mangrove species are used traditionally for the treatment of illnesses. Mangroves are traditionally utilized as firewood and charcoal as well as for the construction of homes, furniture, boats, and fishing equipment. According to reports, many naturally occurring species contain anti-diabetic properties. Synthetic anti-diabetic medications, however, have a number of unfavorable side effects, therefore there is enormous potential for the development of newer, safer anti-diabetic drugs starting with mangroves. To conduct thorough chemical and pharmacological analyses on these plants, immediate consideration is required. Such research may result in the discovery of novel bioactive substances that canbe used to evaluate the efficacy of herbal ther
A review on Use of Unani medicine in a child under the age of five years
Supervisor- Dr. Md. Taleb Hossain
NUB, Bangladesh
Academic project
Absract: The Hippocrates and Jalinoos teachings served as the foundation for the Unani System of Medicine, which was developed in Greece and developed by Arabs into a complex medical profession (Galen). Since then, unani medicine has also been called Greco-Arab medicine. This approach is based on the Hippocratic idea of the four humours (blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile), as well as the four characteristics of the states of a live human body (hot, cold, moist, and dry). The seven principles (Umoor-e-Tabbiya), which included the notions of element (Arkan), temperament (Mizaj), humours (Akhlat), organs (Aaza), spirit (Arwah), capabilities (Qowa), and functions, were the formulation of the Greek ideas by Arabian physicians. Earth, water, fire, and air are how they are portrayed (Afaal). A person's ability to have a healthy infancy, adolescence, and adulthood depends heavily on their first few years of existence. Children are more susceptible to diseases and illnesses because their immune systems are less developed than those of adults. Additionally, traditional medical treatments for pediatric illnesses have been linked to a number of side effects and negative effects. For these reasons, ancient cultures have long used alternative methods to treat pediatric illnesses.
Conclusion: Starting with birth Children should be closely watched and monitored with regard to their eating, sleeping, physical activity, behavior, and environment, among other things, since they are more susceptible to abnormalities than seniors and require special attention. Legend Unani philosophers have given their health and recovery a lot of thought. Children who follow their advice may be protected from different diseases and afflictions and may have improved growth and development; in addition, since herbal medications recommended by ancient Unani academics have no discernible adverse effects, they may be utilized to treat minor illnesses.
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